A general view of the site of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) in Guba, Ethiopia, on February 19, 2022. © Amanuel Sileshi, AFP
The news brought a prompt condemnation from Egypt, who denounced it as illegal.
Ethiopia's announcement came just a fortnight after the three countries resumed negotiations, after a lengthy break, on an agreement which takes account of the water needs of all three.
Egypt and Sudan fear the massive $4.2-billion dam will severely reduce the share of Nile water they receive and have repeatedly asked Addis Ababa to stop filling it until they have all reached agreement on how it should work.
"It is with great pleasure that I announce the successful completion of the fourth and final filling of the Renaissance Dam," Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed said on X, formerly Twitter.
"There was a lot of challenge. We were many times dragged to go backwards. We had an internal challenge and external pressure. We've reached (this stage) by coping together with God," Abiy said.
"I believe that we will finish what we have planned next," he said.
The Ethiopian government’s communications service said on X that the dam, arguably the largest in Africa, was "a gift to generations".
"Today's heroic generation will build tomorrow's strong Ethiopia on a solid foundation," it continued.
Egypt's foreign ministry condemned as "illegal" the news that Ethiopia had filled its Grand Renaissance Dam on the Nile.
The "unilateral" measure by Addis Ababa to complete the mega-dam's filling would "weigh on" negotiations with downstream Egypt and Sudan, which were suspended in 2021 but resumed last month, said a ministry statement.
At full capacity, the huge hydroelectric dam -- 1.8 kilometres long and 145 metres high -- could generate more than 5,000 megawatts.
That would double Ethiopia’s production of electricity, to which only half the country’s population of 120 million currently has access.
Existential threat
Sudan did not immediately react to the Kenyan announcement.
The dam has been at the centre of a regional dispute ever since Ethiopia broke ground on the project in 2011.
Negotiations between the three governments, which resumed in Cairo on August 27 after nearly two and a half years of stalemate, aim to reach an agreement that "takes into account the interests and concerns of the three countries", Egyptian Water Resources and Irrigation Minister Hani Sewilam said at the time.
He called for "an end to unilateral measures".
Egypt, which is already suffering from severe water scarcity, sees the dam as an existential threat because it relies on the Nile for 97 percent of its water needs.
The position of fragile Sudan, which is currently mired in a civil war, has fluctuated in recent years.
Ethiopia has said the Gerd, which is in the northwest of the country around 30 kilometres from the border with Sudan, will not reduce the volume of water flowing downstream.
The United Nations says Egypt could "run out of water by 2025" and parts of Sudan, where the Darfur conflict was essentially a war over access to water, are increasingly vulnerable to drought as a result of climate change.
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